PEVC Franci: Analiza nizkih pretokov s programom DFLOW
Mentor: doc. dr. Mojca Šraj
zagovor: julij 2015

Povzetek
Izračuni nizkih pretokov so bistvenega pomena pri spremljanju vodotokov in zagotavljanju njihove kakovosti, saj so življenjsko okolje za mnoge živali in rastline. Na razpolago je več različnih kazalnikov izračunavanja nizkih pretokov, kot so npr. krivulja trajanja pretokov, deficit vodnega toka, indeks baznega odtoka, petindevetdeset odstotni pretok Q95, srednji letni minimum, itd. V ZDA za izračun nizkih pretokov uporabljajo dve metodi, in sicer hidrološko (xQy) in biološko (xBy). Izračun nizkih pretokov po obeh metodah omogoča program DFLOW. Hidrološka metoda je statistična, biološka metoda pa je empirična in temelji neposredno na kriterijih za kakovost vodnega življenja. Kriteriji so izraženi v obliki dveh koncentracij namesto ene, tako da lahko bolj natančno odražajo toksikološka in dejanska stanja vodotoka. Koncentraciji sta CCC, ki določa dovoljeno stalno koncentracijo onesnaževal v vodotoku in CMC, ki določa maksimalno koncentracijo onesnaževal v vodotoku. V seminarju so opravljeni izračuni s programom DFLOW za vodotok Kokra na vodomerni postaji Kokra I ter njihova analiza.
Ključne besede: DFLOW, nizki pretoki, kazalniki nizkih pretokov, biološka metoda, hidrološka metoda

Abstract
The calculation of low flows is crucial for monitoring streams and ensuring their quality, because they are habitat for many animals and plants. There is a number of different indices for calculation of low flows, such as flow duration curve, streamflow deficit, base flow index, ninety-five percentile flow Q95 mean annual minima, etc. In USA they use two methods for calculation of low flows, hydrological (xQy) and biological (xBy) method. Both methods can be calculated with DFLOW software. Hydrological method is statistical, biological method is empirical and uses aquatic life water quality criteria directly for her calculations. Criteria are expressed as two concentrations, instead of one, so that criteria can more exactly reflect toxicological and practical realities. The two concentrations are CCC, which provides the highest concentration of pollutants that could be maintained indefinitely in the stream and CMC, which determines maximum concentration of pollutants in the stream. In the term paper there are conducted calculations with DFLOW software for river Kokra for gauging station Kokra I and their analysis.
Key words: DFLOW, low-flow, low flow indices, biological method, hydrological method

BREZOČNIK Samo: Metode določanja sintetičnega histograma padavin
Mentor: doc. dr. Mojca Šraj
zagovor: julij 2015

Povzetek
Namen seminarske naloge je predstaviti metode statistične analize neviht, natančneje metode določanja sintetičnega histograma padavin. Na kratko je povzeta teorija statistične analize neviht, predvsem statistična orodja, ki jih potrebujemo pri določanju sintetičnega histograma padavin. V nalogi so najprej predstavljeni osnovni pojmi statistične analize padavin potrebni za določanje sintetičnega histograma padavin. Predstavljen je histogram padavin, vsotna padavinska krivulja ter pojem projektna nevihta. V nadaljevanju so predstavljene ITP krivulje in Huffove krivulje. Na teh osnovah temeljijo metode določanja sintetičnega histograma padavin. V seminarski nalogi je predstavljenih šest metod določanja sintetičnega histograma padavin. To so: metoda alternirajočih stolpcev, metoda trikotnega histograma padavin, metoda izpeljave enačb sintetičnega histograma padavin iz enačb ITP, metoda SCS, metoda rangiranja povprečij padavin ter Gauss-Markov model. Za vsako od teh metod je v nalogi predstavljen primer. Na koncu je narejena še primerjava med metodami in predstavitev nekaterih računalniških programov za izdelavo sintetičnih histogramov.
Ključne besede: padavine, naliv, sintetični histogram padavin, projektna nevihta

Abstract
The purpose of this thesis is to introduce methods of statistical analyses of storms i.e. methods that determine the design hyetograph. A statistical analysis of rainfall is summarised and statistical tools needed when determining the design hyetograph are presented. The basic terms of the statistical analysis of precipitation that are needed to determine the design hyetograph are presented first. The hyetograph, the cumulative frequency curve of precipitation and the term project storm as well as the IDF and Huff curves are introduced. . These all are the basis for determination of the design hyetograph. There are six methods of determining the design hyetograph introduced in this thesis, including the alternating block method, the triangular hyetograph method, the instant intensity method, the SCS method, the average range method and the simple standardizing method (the Gauss Mark model). For each method one example is presented. A comparison between the results of applied methods is also made. At the end, some software relating to developing of the design storms is presented.
Key words: Precipitation, storm, synthetic rainfall histogram, design storm

MOHORKO Matic: Pregled namakalnih sistemov
Mentor: doc.dr. Mojca Šraj
Somentor: prof. dr. Mitja Brilly
zagovor: julij 2015

Povzetek
Namakanje postaja v dobi vedno intenzivnejših klimatskih sprememb iz leta v leto pomembnejša metoda povečevanja pridelka in izboljševanja kakovosti le-tega. Ločimo pet osnovnih načinov namakanja. To so: površinsko namakanje, podzemno namakanje, mikro namakanje, namakanje z oroševanjem in kapljično namakanje. Tri od teh nadalje delimo. Med površinsko namakanje uvrščamo namakanje s poplavljanjem, prelivanjem in brazdami. Mikro namakanje zajema točkovne oddajnike, površinske in podtalne linijske oddajnike, vodomete in mini razpršilce. Pri namakanju z oroševanjem pa se srečamo z dvema klasifikacijama. Po prvi, Tomićevi klasifikaciji, ločimo klasični način oroševanja, mobilni način oroševanja in način oroševanja s hitromati. Po drugi, klasifikaciji USDA, pa ločimo med periodično premičnimi sistemi, stalnimi razpršilnimi namakalnimi sistemi, samohodnimi razpršilnimi namakalnimi sistemi, mobilnimi sistemi razpršilcev s pištolami ter mobilnimi »boom« sistemi razpršilcev. V nalogi so najprej predstavljeni faktorji, ki vplivajo na količino vode, potrebne za namakanje. Sledi predstavitev osnovnih pojmov, povezanih z izračuni potrebne količine vode za namakanje V nadaljevanju pa je narejen pregled različnih vrst namakalnih sistemov. 
Ključne besede: namakanje, namakalni sistemi, tla, rastline, evapotranspiracija

Abstract
In an era of intensive climatic changes irrigation is becoming an increasingly important method for increasing crop quantity and quality. There are five basic irrigation methods. These include: surface irrigation, subsurface irrigation, micro irrigation, sprinkle irrigation and drip irrigation. Three of the above are further divided. Surface irrigation contains flooding, furrows and overflowing. Subsurface line emitters, bubblers and micro sprinklers are kinds of micro irrigation systems. For sprinkle irrigation systems I used two classifications. The first classification by Tomić includes classical, mobile and hidromatic sprinkle systems. The second, USDA classification, includes periodic move sprinkler irrigation systems, fixed-solid set sprinkler irrigation systems continuous (self) move sprinkler irrigation systems, traveling gun sprinkler irrigation system and traveling boom sprinkler irrigation system. First, factors that influence the quantity of water needed for irrigation are presented in this seminar. This is followed by a presentation of basic terms related to required irrigation water quantity calculations. Further on we give an overview of different kinds of irrigation systems.
Key words: irrigation, irrigation systems, soil, crop, evapotranspiration

DORNIK Matej: Ekstremni hidrološki dogodki
Mentor: doc.dr. Mojca Šraj
zagovor: julij 2015

Povzetek
Seminarska naloga obravnava dve vrsti ekstremnih hidroloških dogodkov, ki povzročajo materialno in socialno škodo ter lahko terjajo smrtne žrtve, in sicer poplave in suše. Opisani so tudi nekateri največji poplavni in sušni dogodki v Evropi in Sloveniji. Poplave so najpogostejše naravne nesreče in jih težko točno napovemo. V Evropi povzročajo največjo gospodarsko škodo. So posledica podnebnih in človeških dejavnikov, najpogosteje pa sta glavna vzroka za poplave močne padavine in lastnosti porečja. Velik vpliv na poplave ima človek s svojimi dejavnostmi. Sprememba rabe tal v porečju vpliva na lastnosti tal ter njihovo sposobnost zadrževanja vode in s tem na površinski odtok. Suša je naravni pojav, ki jo lahko prepoznamo, nima pa enotne definicije. Prav tako povzroča veliko gospodarsko škodo in je rezultat kombinacije meteoroloških, fizikalnih in človeških dejavnikov. Na splošno pa je osnovni vzrok suše pomanjkanje padavin ter čas, porazdelitev in intenzivnost primanjkljaja na nekem območju. Meteorološki dejavniki so vzorec atmosferskega kroženja zraka, pomanjkanje padavin, temperatura in evapotranspiracija. Prav tako je temperatura pomemben dejavnik pri suši, saj je trenutno v svetu trend višanja temperature zraka. Ker se v prihodnosti napoveduje vse več ekstremnih hidroloških dogodkov, bi z različnimi strokovnimi podlagami in sistemom zgodnjega opozarjanja bistveno zmanjšali negativne učinke suš in poplav.
Ključne besede: ekstremni hidrološki dogodki, poplave, površinski odtok, suša, Slovenija, Evropa

Abstract
This paper addresses two types of extreme hydrological events that are causing material and social damage and are also claiming casualties, namely floods and droughts. It also describes some of the greatest flood and drought cases in Europe and Slovenia. Floods are the most frequent natural disasters and are difficult to predict. They are causing great economic damage in Europe. Floods are a result of climatic and human factors and in most cases extensive rainfall and river basin characteristics are the main causes of flooding. A major impact on flooding has human activities. Change in land use in the river basin affects the properties of the soil and its water retention capacity and thus alter the surface runoff. Drought is a natural phenomenon which we can identify but it has no single definition. It also causes considerable economic damage and is a result of a combination of meteorological, physical and human factors. Overall the cause of drought is lack of rainfall and the time, distribution and intensity of the deficit in the area. Meteorological factors are a combination of atmospheric air circulation, lack of rainfall, temperature and evapotranspiration. Temperature is also an important factor influencing on drought as there is a worldwide trend of increasing air temperature at the moment. As there are predicted more and more extreme hydrological events, a various expert bases and early warning systems could significantly reduce the negative effects of droughts and floods.
Key words: Extrem hidrological events, floods, surface runoff, drought, Slovenia, Europa

TOMC Bojana: Ocenjevanje letnega odtoka z nemerjenih porečij
Mentor: prof. dr. Mitja Brilly
Somentor: doc.dr. Mojca Šraj
zagovor: junij 2015

Povzetek
V nalogi je opisano letno ocenjevanje odtoka z nemerjenih porečij. Podane so definicije vseh pojmov, ki se množično uporabljajo skozi seminar, kot so prispevno območje, nemerjeno porečje in predvidevanje v nemerjenem porečju. Na praktičnem primeru je utemeljena potrebnost ocenjevanja. Predstavljena sta dva pristopa – Newtonov in Darwinov pristop, ter primerjava med njima. V najbolj obsežnem poglavju, ki se imenuje predvidevanja letnega odtoka v nemerjenih porečjih, je predstavljena splošna razpoložljivost vode, letni odtok, njegovi procesi in podobnost, ter podrobno opisane statistične in procesne metode. Statistične metode so razdeljene na metode regresije, metode indeksa, geostatistične metode in metode bližine, ter ocenjevanje iz kratkih zapisov. Procesne metode pa so razdeljene na izpeljane porazdelitvene modele, neprekinjene modele in pretekle podatke na procesih letnega odtoka. Seminar se zaključi s primerjalno oceno in povzetkom ključnih točk. Iz primerjalne ocene je razvidno, katere metode so najbolj uspešne in katere najbolj primerne za različne pogoje.
Ključne besede: letni odtok, predvidevanja v nemerjenih porečjih, statistične metode, procesne metode

Abstract
The seminar paper describes the annual runoff predictions in ungauged basins. It defines the notions frequently used throughout the paper, such as catchment area, ungauged basin and prediction in ungauged basin. A practical example is added, to show the necessity of such predictions. The paper introduces two possible approaches – Newton’s and Darwin's approach, and compares the two. The most extensive chapter, which is called the annual runoff prediction in ungauged basins, presents the general availability of water, the annual runoff, its processes and similarities, as well as statistical and process methods described in detail. Statistical methods are further divided into regression methods, index methods, geostatistical methods, proximity methods, and evaluation of short records. Process methods are further divided into derived distribution models, continuous models and past data about the annual runoff processes. The seminar concludes with a comparative assessment and a summary of key points. Comparative assessment shows which methods are the most effective and which are the best suited for various conditions.
Key words: annual runoff, predictions in ungauged basins, statistical methods, processed based methods

AHAC Sara: Zajem podatkov aerolaserskega skeniranja za izdelavo kakovostnega digitalnega modela reliefa
Mentor: prof. dr. Mitja Brilly
Somentor: asist. Anja Vrečko
zagovor: junij 2015

Povzetek
Aerolasersko skeniranje (ALS) je trenutno najbolj natančna tehnologija za zajem podatkov o površju. V seminarski nalogi je predstavljena tehnologija ALS ter celoten postopek od zajemanja in obdelave podatkov do končnega izdelka. S poznanim položajem in orientacijo laserskega skenerja v trenutku oddaje vsakega laserskega impulza so vsaki točki določene prostorske koordinate. Pridobljena oblika podatkov je oblak točk, ki ga je treba še dodatno obdelati. Ključni korak obdelave podatkov je filtriranje. Z eliminacijo ne-talnih točk pridobimo digitalni model reliefa (DMR), ki je eden izmed najpomembnejših končnih izdelkov obravnavane tehnologije. Za presojo pomembnih odločitev uporabe DMR-jev, mora biti poznana tudi njihova kakovost.
Ključne besede: aerolasersko skeniranje, digitalni model reliefa

Abstract
Airborne laser scanning (ALS) is currently the most accurate technology for the surface data capture. In the term paper, we have presented the ALS technology and the entire procedure from data capture and data processing to the final product. With known position and orientation of the laser scanner in the moment each laser pulse is emitted, spatial coordinates are determined for every point. The format of the data obtained is a point cloud that needs further processing. A key step in data processing is filtration. With elimination of non surface points we acquire a digital terrain model (DTM), which is one of the most important final products of the technology in question. Estimation of important decisions in the use of DTMs requires their quality to be known.
Key words: airborne laser scanning, digital terrain model

KOLENC Matjaž: Več prostora za vode
Mentor: prof. dr. Mitja Brilly
zagovor: januar 2015

Povzetek
Seminarska naloga obravnava izvedbo rečnih koridorjev in problem poplav zaradi raznih vplivov na reke. Predstavljena so poglavja, planiranje rečnih koridorjev, kjer so opisani glavni postopki za izvedbo kanala prijazno tako naravi kot ljudem. Poglavje o poplavni direktivi, ki predstavlja dokument, s katerim se znotraj Evropske skupnosti postavlja okvir za oceno in obvladovanje poplavne ogroženosti s ciljem zmanjševanja škodljivih posledic poplav na zdravje ljudi, okolje, kulturno dediščino in gospodarske dejavnost. Poglavje o vegetaciji, ki zavira pretok glede na svojo strukturo, velikost. Poglavje o mostovih kot umetna ovira rekam, ki tako povzroča zajezitve in poplave in program hec-ras in izračuni visokega pretoka.
Ključne besede: Planiranje, vegetacija, mostovi, poplave.

Abstract
Term paper addresses implementation of stream coridor restoration and problem of flooding. Chapters of planning stream coridors are presented, where main steps for developing and implementation of plan are described. Chapter of flood directive, which represent a document for, a coherent and harmonious implementation of the framework directive. Chapter on vegetation, which inhibits the flow of the river, based on it's structure, size. Chapter on bridges as artificial obstacles that causes backwater and floods and program HEC-RAS with hig flow computations.
Key words: Plannig, vegetation, bridges, floods.

HECO Damir: Podnebne spremembe, mit, zavajanje ali realnost
Mentor: prof. dr. Mitja Brilly
Somentor: doc. dr. Mojca Šraj
zagovor: januar 2015

Povzetek
Seminarska naloga obravnava podnebne spremembe in skuša odgovoriti na vprašanje ali gre pri le teh za realnost in neizpodbitno dejstvo ali pa je prisotno zavajanje in pretiravanje s predvidenimi posledicami. Predstavljena je zgodovina, vzroki in posledice podnebnih sprememb. Poudarek je dan na antropogenih vplivih in toplogrednih plinih, ki povzročajo povečan učinek tople grede in s tem globalno segrevanje. Podrobneje je obravnavan vpliv podnebnih sprememb na pretoke pri poplavah. Opisano je delovanje podnebnih modelov, s katerimi modeliramo in napovedujemo podnebje v prihodnosti. V nalogi je povzeto peto poročilo o oceni stanja Medvladnega panela za podnebne spremembe (IPCC) in IPCC-jevi scenariji razvoja družbe in količine izpuščenih plinov. Podnebne spremembe čedalje bolj vplivajo na naša življenja, zato so nujni takojšnji ukrepi za zmanjšanje izpustov toplogrednih plinov. V prihodnosti se bo človeštvo moralo prilagoditi na posledice podnebnih sprememb in jih poskušati čim bolj ublažiti. V zaključku naloge so predstavljena mnenja skeptikov, ki menijo, da gre pri debati o podnebnih spremembah za zavajanje oziroma mit.
Ključne besede: podnebje, podnebne spremembe, globalno segrevanje, toplogredni plini.

Abstract
Seminar deals with climate change and attempts to answer the question, if climate change is really happening and is indisputable fact or if it is just a myth. Seminar describes history, causes and impacts of climate change. Emphasis is placed on human influences and greenhouse gases, which are responsible for greenhouse effect and global warming. More specifically is discusses the impact of climate change on floods. Seminar presents climate models, with which we model and predict climate changes in the future. The paper summarizes the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and IPCC scenarios for the greenhouse gas emissions. Climate changes are increasingly affecting our lives, so we need to take immediate actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In the future, humanity will have to adapt to the impacts of climate change and try to mitigate them as much as possible. In conclusion, I presented the opinion of skeptics who believe that climate change is just a myth and that there is a big exaggeration with possible consequences of global warming.
Key words: climate, climate changes, global warming, greenhouse gases.